The Nitrogen Cycle and You (and the garden, of course)

Nitrogen is the building block for proteins, and proteins are the building blocks for you. They are what make the muscles and tendons in your body. The surprising part about this is that a large portion of the nitrogen in your body was created in a factory somewhere.

At these factories, nitrogen is pulled out of the atmosphere and turned into a biologically useful form for one main reason: fertilizer. Normally, nitrogen is slowly pulled from the atmosphere by bacterial communities in the soil. Since, bacteria do not do this very quickly so nitrogen is the most common deficiency in agricultural soil. Therefore, in most fields, you can spray anhydrous ammonia (pure nitrogen fertilizer) into the soil and suddenly your plants are bigger, much much bigger. So when you look at the fertilizers used on most farms, the backbone is anhydrous ammonia. When I went to college in Iowa, tanks of anhydrous ammonia were everywhere.

Most researchers conclude that this fertilizer causes enough of a boost in agricultural crops that this technology alone is supporting around one third of the population of the Earth. In fact, just before the year 2000, a group of scientists sat down to determine the most important invention of the last 100 years. Their pick for this award was the poorly known Haber-Bosch Process. This is the method that is used to create anhydrous ammonia.

Impressive, right? As with most amazing, world-changing technologies, this one has it's costs as well. Approximately 2% of the worlds energy goes to the process that makes anhydrous ammonia. At this point you might be thinking, "2% is a lot of energy, but it seems like a fair trade seeing as 33% of the world's populations is alive because of it." Quite true, however, there is another drawback to this fertilizer. It is so potent that it is being overused. If you are a farmer, it makes sense that you might want to add just a little extra in case your math is a little off. After all, it is just one farmer adding just a little bit extra. Right? The problem with this is when most farmers in the US decide to do this:

Above is a picture of the Gulf of Mexico near the Louisiana coast where the Mississippi goes out to sea. Notice all of the green near the coasts? Unfortunately, that is what happens when a little bit extra fertilizer from each farm in the Midwest washes downstream. Once this stream of nitrogen loaded water hits the warm waters in the gulf, it causes massive algae blooms. The algae blooms overwhelm the existing ecosystem, causing a massive drop in productivity for fish. These have been nicknamed "dead zones" and are increasingly common around the world.

So it seems that all of this crucial nitrogen fertilizer is costly to create and costly to dispose of. Therefore, we at the garden have attempted to do our part by looking to other places to get our nitrogen boost. We do this by recycling.

The word recycling probably brings to mind the tin cans and plastic bottles that you separate from your garbage every day. At the garden, we use the same concept. The only difference is that instead of reusing plastics and metals that are costly to create, we reuse nitrogen that has been costly to create. It seems like a waste to ignore all the nitrogen that society throws away. How do we do this?

As a society, we throw away this fertility through food waste. Up to a third of food in the United States is tossed out. This could be everything from your orange peel to the lasagna that was hiding in the back corner of your fridge (eww). Although these are everyday examples, a large percentage is also lost before it reaches the consumer. Imagine the warehouse worker who forgot that pallet of lasagna in the corner of the warehouse (big eww).

That is where we come in. Whenever food gets a little funky at the food bank, we take it off their hands and save Tempe Community Action Agency the work of having it hauled away. (Also, if you have any food scraps around the neighborhood, feel free to bring them in.)

At the garden we have a nice little ecosystem based on these food scraps. Mostly, we let bacteria and soil organisms like worms turn the food back to soil (composting). However, we recently have added a new level of productivity. Since the microbes don't really give us anything in exchange for the free food we are giving them, we bought some chickens. These ladies chow down on all of the vegetables they can get their beaks into, and in exchange have started laying eggs for us. Also, being birds, chickens have manure that is highly concentrated in nitrogen, which means less shoveling for us to get our nitrogen fertilizer to our plants.

It is not going to fix the dead zone, but we decided the chickens are much more entertaining than keeping a tank of ammonia around the garden.

Egg Laying

In recognition of our first egg here at the garden, I thought it would be worthwhile to reflect on some of the amazing facts that result in our morning omelette.

One of the most common questions we get at the garden is if we need a rooster. Fortunately for our neighbors (who don't get the unrequested wake-up call), hens will lay eggs without roosters. The rooster is necessary only if you are planning on raising chicks.

In chicken terminology, a female chicken that has not entered the egg laying stage is a "pullet." Once she lays her first egg, she officially becomes a "hen." Some people say that when a bird enters the hen stage, she becomes more active and picks up a few odd behaviors. We agree with this, over the last few days, our ladies have added a few quirky traits to their usual routine. Their dust baths have definitely increased in quantity and enthusiasm. They have really been throwing around dirt over the last few days.

We have also seen them flying around a little more, which is unusual for them.

Once laying, a chicken can produce and lay an egg in 25 hours. Which is an impressive feat seeing as an egg is 2% of a chickens body weight. That is the equivalent of an average size adult regrowing both their hands in 25 hours. After this impressive feat, a hen will take a break...for 30 minutes. Then she starts developing another egg to be laid in 25 hours.
Interestingly, chickens will leave the nest shortly after laying their egg. This allows the egg to cool (when laid, the egg is over 100 degrees!). When the egg cools, development of the egg stops temporarily. If we don't come and collect the eggs at this point, the chicken will keep laying one per day until she decides she has enough. Then she will stock up on food, and sit on her eggs for 3 weeks. Since all the eggs heat up evenly over the 3 weeks, they all hatch at the same time rather than once per day. It is very good biological trait for the chicken....

And it's an even better habit for us, the egg collectors. If we remove the eggs from the nest while the chicken is gone, the chicken will never reach the point where she decides that she will try and hatch them. Although it seems cruel to trick our chickens like that, most of society has decided it is a fair trade. Our chickens are free from predators, have a constant source of food, and lots of sunny space to run.



Bonus fact:
A misunderstanding persists about egg shell color. Since many small scale farmers raise hens that lay brown eggs instead of the grocery store's typical white egg, many people have begun to assume brown eggs are somehow healthier, safer, or in some way better. Although it would be a nice indicator, egg shell color has no effect on the quality of egg. Egg shell color is determined by breed. Therefore our Wyandottes will lay only brown eggs. However, there are a wide range of colors, here is a nice picture showing the full range of egg colors: